ABSTRACT
Background: Placenta is a dynamic tissue synthesized physiologically to serve as a nutrient source for developing fetus it is exposed to several changes in reaction to many toxemic conditions associated with pregnancies. Studies had proved that placental changes observed on histomorphology is directly proportional to reaction to hemodynamic compensatory mechanisms, thereby aiding the obstetricians to manage the sequelae of complications. Objective of this study was to study the placental histomorphology in pregnancies associated with pre-eclampsia and to quantitate the observed placental changes.Methods: The study comprised on 101 placental specimens obtained from department of obstetrics and gynecology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry. Toxemia of pregnancies were divided into mild, severe preeclampsia and eclampsia based on blood pressure. The 101 cases were divided as 4 groups: Group 1 (control group); Group 2 (mild preeclampsia); Group 3 (severe preeclampsia); Group 4 (eclampsia).Results: Among the 101 cases, 38 placentas were from uncomplicated full-term deliveries which constitutes the control group. The rest 63 placenta were from toxemia of pregnancies which constitutes the study group.Conclusions: The incidence of toxemic pregnancies and pre-eclamptic cases are on higher margin than assumed. Histomorphology examination of placenta plays a vital role in assessing etiopathogenesis and mechanism of toxemic pregnancies. This aids the obstetrician to further manage subsequent sequelae and fix the complication to significant proportion.
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The authors here present a rare case of systemic amyloidosis with multiple myeloma. The patient was a 55-year-old man who presented with complaints of dysphagia and skin lesions. From clinical examination and endoscopic findings, gastric carcinoma was suspected and biopsy was taken from the gastric lesion. Histopathological examination of gastrointestinal biopsy revealed amyloid deposits. The patient also had multiple skin lesions, which also showed cutaneous amyloidosis. Owing to the presence of gastric amyloidosis, the patient was investigated further with serum electrophoresis and bone marrow biopsy, which revealed multiple myeloma.
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Background: The diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic ischemic necrosis of head of femur needs the anatomy of medial circumflex femoral artery (MCFA) which is the main source for the blood supply of head of femur. As it gives the muscular perforators its knowledge is important in the posteromedial cutaneous flap (gracilis flap). In the femoral artery obstruction, MCFA takes bypass route for the blood supply of lower limb as it forms anastomosis with branches of other arteries. Objectives: The study describes the origin and course of the medial circumflex artery. Methods: The present study was conducted on 50 lower limbs from embalmed human cadavers from the Department of Anatomy, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru. Femoral triangle was dissected and the medial circumflex artery and branches were traced. Results: The study describes that in 8-10% cases MCFA showed variations whereas in 90-92% cases the MCFA has taken normal origin and course.
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Muscle variation may occur due to genetic or developmental causes. Some variations may compromise the vascular, muscular or nervous system in the region. Bilateral muscle variation in popliteal fossa is very rare. In present study an instance of bilateral muscle variation in popliteal fossa, arising from different muscles like gastrocnemius and from biceps femoris is recorded. There is no report of such variations. These observations are rare of its kind because of bilateral asymmetrical presence and difference in the origins in different legs. This is the first report as for the literatures available. Clinical and functional importance of such variation is discussed with the morphological aspects of this anomalous muscle.
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Fertilisation takes place in the lumen of fallopian tube, from where, aided by the ciliated columnar epithelium of the tube, the fertilised ovum makes its way into uterine cavity and the implantation occurs. The passage of fertilised ovum into uterine cavity is delayed or obstructed by developmental, mechanical or other defects which lead to tubal gestation. The incidence varies from 1 in 300 to 1 in 150 pregnancies and it contributes significantly to the maternal mortality and morbidity. Early diagnosis and therapy has helped to reduce the maternal death due to ectopic pregnancy. However, study on histological changes of early ectopic pregnancy are rather scarce and therefore, the present study was conducted on 25 patients of ectopic pregnancy specimens observed for the mode and extent of invasion of chorionic villi, and the histological changes in wall of the fallopian tubes to evaluate the causes of early tubal rupture as well as estimation of gestational age by the study of chorionic villi.
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Background: Foreign body aspiration is a common life threatening emergency, but, largely a preventable problem. The object aspirated depends on various factors, such as age, sex, occupation, geographical area, socio-cultural factors, economic status, and nutritional habits. In recent years some traditional/social habits and fashion trends of using headscarf/ hijab pins have become a discrete category of foreign body aspiration in young Muslim/Islam girls wearing headscarves. Objective: To highlight the increasing number of cases coming to clinical attention with headscarf pin aspiration. India having a growing population which is young and fashion oriented, the awareness of this problem needs to improve. Discussion: In recent times young adolescent Muslim girls use multiple matching small headscarf pins to fix the hijab as a fashion trend. Adolescent girls and adults tend to hold the headscarf pin between their lips while wearing the headscarves using their two hands to secure the veil. Lack of concentration or activities such as laughter, talking, and coughing predisposes them to aspiration, especially in young teenage groups where they lack experience in such manoeuvres. Conclusion: Accidental foreign body aspiration to a large extent is a preventable problem and more so in the case of headscarf pin. Appropriate interventions need to be planned as more young population is getting involved.
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Introduction: Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease that clinically and histologically resembles lichenoid lesions, although the latter has a different etiology. Though criteria have been suggested for differentiating oral lichen planus from lichenoid lesions, confusion still prevails. Aims: To study the cellular and nuclear volumetric features in the epithelium of normal mucosa, lichen planus, and lichenoid lesions to determine variations if any. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was done on 25 histologically diagnosed cases each of oral lichen planus, oral lichenoid lesions, and normal oral mucosa. Cellular and nuclear morphometric measurements were assessed on hematoxylin and eosin sections using image analysis software. Statistical Analysis: Analysis of variance test (ANOVA) and Tukey's post-hoc test. Results: The basal cells of oral lichen planus showed a significant increase in the mean nuclear and cellular areas, and in nuclear volume; there was a significant decrease in the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio as compared to normal mucosa. The suprabasal cells showed a significant increase in nuclear and cellular areas, nuclear diameter, and nuclear and cellular volumes as compared to normal mucosa. The basal cells of oral lichenoid lesions showed significant difference in the mean cellular area and the mean nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio as compared to normal mucosa, whereas the suprabasal cells differed significantly from normal mucosa in the mean nuclear area and the nuclear and cellular volumes. Conclusions: Morphometry can differentiate lesions of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions from normal oral mucosa. Thus, morphometry may serve to discriminate between normal and premalignant lichen planus and lichenoid lesions. These lesions might have a high risk for malignant transformation and may behave in a similar manner with respect to malignant transformation.
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Fire is the most spectacular natural disturbance that affects the forest ecosystem composition and diversity. Fire has a devastating effect on the landscape and its impact is felt at every level of the ecosystem and it is possible to map forest fire risk zone and thereby minimize the frequency of fire. There is a need for supranational approaches that analyze wide scenarios of factors involved and global fire effects. Fires can be monitored and analyzed over large areas in a timely and cost effective manner by using satellite imagery. Also Geographical Information System (GIS) can be used effectively to demarcate the fire risk zone map. Bhadra wildlife Sanctuary located in Karnataka, India was selected for this study. Vegetation, slope, distance from roads, settlements parameters were derived for a study area using topographic maps and field information. The Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS)-based forest fire risk model of the study area appeared to be highly compatible with the actual fire-affected sites. The temporal satellite data from 1989 to 2006 have been analyzed to map the burnt areas. These classes were weighted according to their influence on forest fire. Four categories of fire risk regions such as Low, Moderate, High and Very high fire intensity zones were identified. It is predicted that around 10.31% of the area falls under moderate risk zone.